Carbon footprinting entails the process of calculating, analysing, and reporting the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to an activity, organisation, product, or individual. It’s a structured way of understanding the climate impact of actions and operations. Carbon footprinting involves measuring emissions, understanding their sources, and using that knowledge to reduce climate impact. This work is based on the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and several international standards..

Water footprinting is the process of measuring, analysing, and reporting the total volume of freshwater used – directly and indirectly – by an individual, product, service, process, or organisation. It helps understand how much water is consumed, where it comes from, and the impact of that water use on the environment and society. Therefore, water footprinting entails measuring direct and indirect water use, evaluating its environmental impact, and using insights to manage water more sustainably.

Carbon and Water footprinting can be integrated with Environmental Management Accounting and Material Flow Cost Accounting.